Subhash
Course Content
Arts Curriculum
The Arts course for Class 11 and Class 12 is designed to build a strong academic foundation in the Humanities stream while progressively developing analytical, interpretative, and answer-writing skills required for board examinations. The curriculum follows a structured approach, beginning with fundamental concepts in Class 11 and advancing to in-depth subject understanding and critical analysis in Class 12. For Class 11, the course focuses on introducing students to the core disciplines of Arts, including History, Political Science, Sociology, Geography, and Economics. Emphasis is placed on conceptual clarity, understanding basic theories, developing reading and writing skills, and learning how to present answers effectively. Students gain a clear understanding of social, political, economic, and geographical processes through simplified explanations and practical examples.
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From the Beginning of Time
मूल निवासियों का विस्थापन
Arts

1️⃣ Introduction

This chapter explains the early history of human beings, starting from the appearance of humans on Earth to the beginning of agriculture and settled life. Since there are no written records, historians depend on archaeological evidence such as fossils, tools, cave paintings, and bones.

2️⃣ Meaning of Prehistory

  • Prehistory refers to the long period before the invention of writing.

  • Information about this period is obtained through archaeology and anthropology.

3️⃣ Sources of Prehistoric History

Historians study the following sources:

  • Fossils – remains of plants, animals, and humans

  • Stone tools – hand axes, blades, and scrapers

  • Cave paintings – show daily life and hunting

  • Bones and shells

4️⃣ Human Evolution

  • Humans evolved over millions of years.

  • Early humans were called Hominids.

  • Important stages of evolution include:

    • Australopithecus

    • Homo habilis

    • Homo erectus

    • Homo sapiens (modern humans)

5️⃣ Hunter-Gatherers

  • Early humans lived as hunters and gatherers.

  • They depended on wild animals and plants for food.

  • They lived in groups and moved from place to place (nomadic life).

  • Tools were made mainly from stone, bone, and wood.

6️⃣ Stone Age Periods

The Stone Age is divided into three phases:

(a) Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age)

  • Rough stone tools

  • Hunting and gathering

  • Lived in caves

(b) Mesolithic Age (Middle Stone Age)

  • Smaller and sharper tools

  • Beginning of fishing and domestication of animals

(c) Neolithic Age (New Stone Age)

  • Polished stone tools

  • Beginning of agriculture

  • Permanent settlements

  • Domestication of animals

7️⃣ Discovery of Fire

  • Fire was used for cooking, warmth, and protection.

  • It helped humans survive harsh climates.

8️⃣ Importance of Agriculture

  • Agriculture led to settled life.

  • Development of villages

  • Growth of population

  • Beginning of social and economic organization

📌 Key Terms (Very Important)

  • Prehistory

  • Archaeology

  • Fossils

  • Hunter-gatherers

  • Paleolithic

  • Neolithic

  • Domestication

✍️ Exam-Oriented Points

  • This chapter is important for 1, 3, and 5 mark questions

  • Questions often come from:

    • Hunter-gatherers

    • Stone Age phases

    • Sources of prehistory

  • Use headings and keywords in answers for better marks

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